STEP – Science, Technology, and Education in Pakistan

Is division, confinement, and hierarchy of knowledge the model to create and sustain an organization in the upcoming decades? No. Read the rest of this entry »

“Get good education and move to a bad neighborhood” was a constant advice I received from my advisor over the last six years that I spent at the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) as a Fulbright scholar for my MS and PhD programs in Computer Science. Read the rest of this entry »

In an effort to enforce quality, the HEC recently announced that they would not recognize PhD degrees awarded unless the recipient manages to score a 40 percentile on the GRE subject test at the time of admission to the graduate program, reported here. This is a revision of HEC’s earlier policy, announced four years back, that the GRE subject test must be cleared before submitting the thesis. The announcement has proven controversial among PhD instructors and their students. Read the rest of this entry »

The history of Special Education in Pakistan goes back farther than the history of Pakistan itself. With the earliest school for disabled children established in Lahore in 1906, it has now been more than a century since institutions dedicated to the education of special children have been in operation. Since then the development of special education institutions has been anything but smooth, coming to almost a complete standstill for quite some time after the partition of India. Rapid developments started in the 80’s when 1981 was declared the International Year of the Disabled by the United Nations. Currently, a network of federal, provincial, and NGO-based institutions provide education to approximately 24000 special children, which is hardly 4% of the total population of children with special needs in Pakistan. What are the reasons behind this shortfall in academic institutions for those with special needs? How can this shortfall be erased efficiently? How are the current institutions performing? And what needs to be done to improve their performance?

We posed these and some other questions to Sara Chak, a Developmental Therapist working in the Developmental Pediatrics Department at the Children’s Hospital, Lahore. Sara has a Masters in Special Education from Punjab University and has been working with special children for the last six years. Currently, she works with the parents or guardians of children with special needs.

STEP:The Special Education system relies on the detection of disabilities in infants and young children. In Pakistan, how advanced is the system of detection of disabilities which would lead a child to be described as having special needs?

Sara Chak: Most disabilities such as Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, bone defects, and epilepsy are identified at birth and most hospitals in Pakistan currently have an advanced system of assessing newborns for these conditions. Some disabilities, such as visual and hearing impairments, are diagnosed later on in the child’s life, but again the pediatric departments of most hospitals have the resources to perform tests to diagnose these disabilities. The problem, of course, lies in the fact that most children in Pakistan, are not born in hospitals. Traditional midwives are unable to assess newborns for theses disabilities and thus their detection is delayed, sometimes indefinitely.
One area of assessment where Pakistan lags behind is the psychological testing of those with visual or hearing impairments. Currently no institution in Pakistan currently provides tests for the intellectual assessment of these students, which hinders the academic progress of these children.

STEP: What is the next step taken once a child with special needs has been identified?

SC: This depends on the institution the child is taken to by his or her guardians and the recommendations of those they consult, usually the doctor who diagnosed the disability. Here at the Children’s hospital we have two learning centers: the two-hour learning center and the four-hour learning center. The two-hour learning center is mostly for children under the age of five, where each child is taught on a one-on-one basis. Apart from teaching the child, the teacher focuses on preparing the child to work in a group environment. In the four hour learning center, group teaching sessions take place everyday. These are continued as long as we feel that the child is benefiting from them. Once we feel that the child has reached his or her learning potential, we guide him/her through an occupational placement program. In this process, we help the child figure out a skill he or she would like to learn and one which we think the child is capable of doing. We refer him/her to vocational training institutes for people with special needs. Thus our aim is to make him/her an independent member of the society.

STEP: What kinds of jobs do these children usually end up with?

SC: All kinds. Traditionally, they went to vocational training centers to learn embroidery, woodwork, etc. But, recently two of my students trained to work at fast food restaurants and are currently working as part of the service staff at these restaurants.

STEP:Which other institutions are currently providing Special Education?

SC: Currently there is mixture of institutions. There are government-run institutions, non-governmental charity organizations, and private institutions. But the number of such institutions is not enough to cater to the demand. And these institutions are usually concentrated in the urban centers of Pakistan.

STEP:What major changes do you think are required in the Special Education sector?

SC: Firstly, I think the training of special education teachers needs to be altered. Currently in Pakistan the only degree offered in Special Education is a Masters degree. No other degree or diploma even has Special Education in its syllabus. In my opinion, Special Education should be introduced as a subject as early as possible. In other countries it is offered as a high-school level subject. For example, Special Education is an O-Level subject but this is not offered to students in Pakistan. The B.Ed degree that most teachers have should certainly require that the holder have some training in dealing with special children. A two-year course is not enough for a person to learn the intricacies of dealing with these children and making special education part of the B.Ed degree would increase the pool of teachers available to teach at Special Education institutions. In fact, if the society as a whole is to learn to accept and include those with special needs, we need to introduce the concept of special needs to children at a primary or secondary school level.

The Masters degree itself needs to be extended to a three year program and should include a year long mandatory internship. Currently, this internship is only a few months long and in my opinion this just isn’t enough. Teaching Special children is a skill best learned in an actual school, and thus greater on-field experience is needed to improve the quality of the graduates.

Secondly the institutions themselves need some changes in the way they are run. It is sad to see when the government offers excellent resources for Special Education but nobody knows how to use them. An example of this is the automatic Braille translation machine. Many institutions have them but they are not being used to their maximum potential. While they could be used to automatically translate large amounts of important material, very few people know how to use them leading them to be used marginally for manually translating text. Teachers are not taught how to operate them, it is a mechanics job to do so. Thus either teachers should be trained how to use these resources or trained personnel should be available to them.

Teachers themselves should pass through a vigorous screening procedure. Due to the mentioned lack of training in special education, most teachers in these schools have no experience or qualifications in teaching Special Children. Thus they have very little knowledge of their physical, psychological, or emotional needs. Another change which is happening on a global level but will take time to be implemented in Pakistan is the elimination of Special Education institutions altogether. Mainstreaming has almost completely replaced Special Education institutions in the developed world. Laws are in place which allow no school to reject a student on the basis of a disability. This way every school has to be prepared to handle a child with special needs. The structure of the schools needs to be such that allows special children to maneuver easily, they have teachers trained to deal with these children and other resources such as special computers and books are available in all schools. The idea of isolating these children is no longer morally or socially acceptable.

STEP: Could you elaborate on the concept of mainstreaming. Has this been adopted by schools in Pakistan?

SC: Mainstreaming defies the idea that children with special needs need to be segregated from other children. There are many benefits that come with doing this. First of all the special child does not feel isolated from the society. This makes it easier for them to become contributing members of the society. By segregating these children we only encourage their role as social outcasts. At this point, some private schools do admit children with special needs but in my experience, the facilities they have are far from satisfactory. They usually allocate a separate room for these children which nullifies the purpose of mainstreaming altogether.

STEP: An advantage of mainstreaming would be the wider acceptance of people with physical or mental disabilities in society. How far do you think the lack of this acceptance is a problem currently?

SC: This is a huge problem in Pakistan. As a therapist, I deal with special children everyday who are intentionally or unintentionally hurt by strangers, peers, and even their own family members. For example, those with visual or hearing impairments are often dealt with as if they have a mental disability, hampering their academic and social development. Even family members are guilty of ridiculing these children. A common example is that of children with Down Syndrome. They are often highly excited by music and can’t help moving enthusiastically when music is played. Family members will use this “trick” to entertain themselves and play music at odd times knowing the child will not be able to restrain himself from dancing. This ridicule has deep repercussions on the child’s development. We need to become mature as a society and learn how to deal with those with special needs in an accepting and respectful manner.

STEP:What are the opportunities available to people with special needs in higher education?

SC: Most universities do not discriminate against applicants because of their disabilities. I know for a fact that there are students with disabilities studying in GCU and FC College. But the number of such students is few. You have to understand that even though there are opportunities available to students to gain higher education, very few have access to good quality primary and secondary education which would make them eligible for higher education.

STEP: Ending on a positive note, could you mention some of the success stories of Special Education in Pakistan?

SC: A major positive step taken by the Musharraf government was to open the CSS examinations to those with special needs. They were allowed assistance in the examination and thus the civil service has now been opened to these people. This is a major step in the right direction since it proves that with the right assistance, those with special needs can be as contributing members of society as those without.

Rising Sun Institute, LRBT, Children’s Hospital are examples of special education institutes that are making a difference. STEP would like to laud their efforts and encourage readers to contribute to institutions like these which are providing education and training to those with special needs in any way they can.

“Kabhi kabhi to humaray zayhen main aisay khayal aata hay keh agar Zardari ki baytee Swat main parhti to shaid school bund hee nahein hotay”. Read the rest of this entry »

What benefit does research being done in Pakistani universities bring to the man on the street?

As the new breed of HEC-Funded PhD Scholars joins Pakistani universities, this is a pertinent question to ask. Producing PhDs, whether within Pakistan or abroad, is a significant investment, the cost of which is ultimately borne by the society. Can we assume that, in return, we will see tangible socio-economic benefits from their research, or should the society view the universities as ivory towers with little link to the real problems of Pakistan? After all, with 76% of population living at under $2 per day and 65% of women illiterate, can research spending on network routing protocols or multi-camera tracking algorithms be justified?

Read the rest of this entry »

“Love thy neighbor” is how the saying goes, but words don’t always reflect reality. While the intense rivalry between India and Pakistan is not new, the World Trade Center event in September 2001 and its aftermath have left Pakistan in an unfamiliar and delicate relationship with its neighbor Afghanistan. The ongoing war and recent surge in NATO troops in Afghanistan, several suicide bombings in Pakistan, and the Bombay attacks in India last year have all but alienated not only the three countries of South Asia but also the United States.

Dreamfly hopes to bridge this gap by connecting children in the schools and community centers it funds and operates in the region.

“Kids in these countries grow up hating people from other countries in the region”, said Umaimah Mendhro, a recent graduate of Harvard Business School and one of the co-founders of Dreamfly. Umaimah has roots in Akri – a small village in Sindh, Pakistan – where Dreamfly built its first school. “Kids of Akri can’t even spell Harvard”, continued Umaimah, “and I want to make sure that the opportunities that enabled me to pursue higher education in the US are available to these kids as well”. Mona Akmal, the other co-founder of Dreamfly, believes she enjoys the life she has because of the opportunities provided to her by the education she received. Referring to the opportunities available to her, she said: “If you level the playing field, amazing things can happen”.

Mona and Umaimah joined hands two years ago to start Dreamfly with the bold aim of providing first-class education to children, in areas such as Akri where there are either no schools or no substantial resources for schools that might exist. Dreamfly chooses the location of a school (or a community center), raises funds, and designs its program (curriculum, summer camp etc.), and partners with local organizations (such as The Citizens Foundation in Pakistan, and Rubia in Afghanistan) to run day to day operations.

Dreamfly aspires to create an environment where kids dare to dream. While educating children remains at the core of its ambitions, what’s really striking about Dreamfly’s approach is its aim to bridge the gap between countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and the US.

Here are some of the elements of Dreamfly’s projects.

Providing role models to the children. Dreamfly aims at building a strong bond between sponsors (most of whom are in the United States) and kids. The idea is to provide role models to students and to keep the community and sponsors involved in the growth of the children. For example, half way across the world in the United States, at events aptly called Dreamwall Pakistan and Dreamwall Afghanistan, attendees shared pictures of personal significance and wrote messages directly addressed to the children. In return, each student shared his or her name, age, and a dream. Students also shared their pictures taken using digital cameras provided to them by Dreamfly.

Connecting with sister schools. Dreamfly is working on establishing a sister relationship between its first school in Akri and a school in Seattle. Also, the curriculum in Dreamfly schools in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India is designed to keep students in touch with students in the neighboring countries. This, in the long term, will play a part in reducing tension between these countries – one school at a time.

Providing computers and technology. Most of the schools in rural Pakistan do not have any computers. But the school in Akri has a computer lab and is aimed at addressing three problems at once.

1. Computer programs and videos such as Sesame Street are used to educate children and help them learn things in a more intuitive and fun way.
2. Computers provide a means to help children learn about technology itself, by learning how to program or how to use Office software and other tools.
3. Computers serve a big part of Dreamfly’s mission: bridging the gap. Students learn how to use email to stay in touch with their peers and sponsors. Moreover, Mona and Umaimah are designing curriculum in a way such that students can use social networking tools (such as Facebook) to stay in touch. This is still work in progress, as they want to ensure that social networking tools are used in a way that does not hinder their education.

While kids pursue their dreams in Dreamfly schools, their sponsors will stay updated with the impact of their donations. Similarly, the children will get to know more about their peers and role models in the US and other countries. It’s hard not to see why this will help bring these kids together and pave the way for strong relationships between these, sometimes very alienated, countries.

Saad Fazil does freelance writing for VentureBeat, where he focuses on deep analysis of emerging trends in the industry. He is the founder of Whizner Consulting, a technology strategy consulting firm. Prior to consulting, he held business analyst, product management, and sales consultant positions at Kayak.com, Oracle, and Alcatel. He received his MBA from MIT Sloan School of Management. He blogs at IT Valley and tweets at @sfrocks.

The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of STEP.

There has been no dearth of commentary on the Kerry Lugar Bill. It has been hotly debated inside our parliament, on every T.V. channel in Pakistan and in every nook and corner of the country.

Much of the debate has focused on the political dimensions of the bill and rightly so. Our relationship with the sole superpower of our times indeed exists within a lot of context and that context needs to be factored into any conversation regarding a Pakistan facing legislation in the United States.

The final fate of the bill and how the finances are utilized will get decided in the corridors of power and then eternally debated for our lifetimes but it might be beneficial as an intellectual exercise to look at what the bill entails in absence of the conditions, rules and the political assertions contained in the bill. So let’s commence this intellectual journey in a parallel universe where the Kerry Lugar bill is politically context-less and is merely a document on educational reform.

I personally feel that Kerry Lugar aid or no Kerry Lugar aid, but the crumbs scattered all over the bill that point to a comprehensive approach to education and the thought that has gone into authoring this approach to education has elements that should definitely get factored into our national education and socioeconomic development policy.

It felt very strange to me reading the bill closely that a document written by an outside nation can cover the breadth of our problems so well and ends up focusing on just the right set of socioeconomic fundamentals that must be addressed to cure those problems that our own leaders have failed to address time and again. Or perhaps the ailments that afflict our nation or for that matter every third world nation are way too obvious. The impressive laundry list of the referred fundamentals is way too long to cite here but even a cursory browsing of the bill makes the breadth and comprehensiveness evident.

We can deep dive as part of this intellectual journey in any of the problem areas highlighted in the bill and find tidbits scattered across the bill relevant to that problem but no other subject gained as many words of text as did education.

Looking at education, there are a number of key pieces of this comprehensive approach to education that gets highlighted in the bill. I would look at it as three parallel streams that feed off each and also contribute to each other. This is not a statement of how the authors view the bill but a statement of how I would like to tie all of the pieces in the bill together to form a comprehensive whole given my personal understanding of our dilemmas. The first stream would be a focus on both tiers of education i.e. primary/secondary and higher education. The second is an understanding that no approach to education exists outside the realities enforced by economics. The third is an appreciation for the fact that in a nascent democracy such as ours civic education becomes as important or even more important than literacy type education.

Within the primary/secondary tier of the first stream, the focus is rightly on enhancing access to education by expanding the outreach of public education making it as broadly available as possible and helping out NGOs already making a difference in this space. At the same time the bill calls for improving the other variable in the education by "support (ing) the strengthening of core curricula and quality of schools". There is additional stress on "initiatives to increase women’s literacy, with a special emphasis on helping girls stay in school" and on looping in violence prone youth. On the other hand, for higher education the focus is on imparting professional skills that are needed in our environment, "support for institutions of higher learning with international accreditation"," programs relating to ensure a breadth and consistency of Pakistani graduates, including through public-private partnerships, "expanded exchange activities" and "expand(ed) sister institution programs between United States and Pakistani schools and universities".

For both these tiers, the economic imperatives have been kept in mind. There are references to relevant vocational education and imparting technical training to the expanded pool of literate youth emerging from the primary/secondary education so that they can be part of the infrastructure developments being suggested elsewhere in the bill. For the other end of the spectrum, public-private partnerships have been suggested as a way to feed the economy as well as absorb the highly skilled workforce coming out of higher education institutions. The bill also talks about "access to microfinance for small business establishment and income generation" to provide economic opportunities for a more educated nation. Together these three facets provide at least the beginnings of the tie-in that needs to be there between education and economic prospects in an impoverished nation like ours.

I was pretty happy to see that there was repeated talk all over the bill about civic education. That is one aspect of our education that we frequently ignore at our own peril. Introducing concepts of civic responsibility, voter responsibility, respect for human rights, realization of the impact of violence with or without uniform, religious freedom and tolerance, and women rights should be as much a part of education in Pakistan as anything else. Violence has been a part of our national psyche in one way or another and if we can just address that, we will doing ourselves great good in the long term. An even more refreshing aspect of civic education that was suggested was "enhancing the capacity of committees to oversee government activities", as well as "enhancing the ability of members of parliament to respond to constituents" and adequately represent their electorate.

Things are always easier said than done but coupled together, these three streams form a holistic approach to targeting the complexities of our educational problems. I am sure our political, military and media luminaries have read the bill extensively to criticize its political connotations. My hope is that it also became clearer to them, while reading the bill, that our list of problems is long and complex. Under these circumstances, a broad comprehensive approach grounded in our socioeconomic reality rather than the random array of schemes that pop up and disappear with each government is a necessary condition in tackling any one of those problems including education.

While security remains the biggest concern for Pakistani citizens, there are those who believe that education is the best way to ensure security in the future. Bringing education to the masses is no easy task, especially when parents cannot afford education for their children, and would understandably prefer their kids to make money by looming carpets for example. Business and Life Skills School (BLISS) wants to solve this “either school or work” problem. Read the rest of this entry »

The second talk of the STEP Lecture Series will be given by Dr. Sonesh Surana on November 12, 2009 at 8:30pm PST. The talk has been organized in collaboration with LUMS Department of Computer Science, NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), and Air University, and will be streamed live. A brief Q&A session will follow the talk. The talk will be aimed at a general audience. Undergraduate and graduate students with non-engineering backgrounds are also encouraged to attend.

Title: Enabling Sustainable Rural Wireless Telemedicine

Where: LUMS Department of Computer Science, Auditorium A-16, NUST SEECS, Air University
When: November 12, 8:30pm Pakistan Standard Time (7:30am Pacific daylight time)

Abstract:
With one ophthalmologist per over 100,000 people in India, there is a critical need to improve the utilization of eye doctors. In this talk, we discuss our work in deploying a long distance wireless network that enables high quality video-based telemedicine between rural eye clinics and centrally located doctors at the Aravind Eye Hospitals. In particular, we take a close look at the issues of financial and operational sustainability.

Bio:
Dr. Sonesh Surana focuses on the design and implementation of low-cost information and communication technologies (ICT) and related power infrastructure for developing regions. He received his PhD in Computer Science with the TIER research group at UC Berkeley in 2009. As part of TIER, he co-developed new WiFi-based long-distance technology enabling inexpensive targeted rural broadband coverage, and demonstrated high bandwidth point-to-point links as long as 380 Kms, a new world record. He also led the deployment of this technology for a live video-based rural telemedicine network at the Aravind Eye Hospital in South India, managing a range of non-profit, government, university and private stakeholders. This network, now financially and operationally sustainable, provides coverage to 500,000 people in areas with no other option for eye care. It has enabled over 100,000 remote patient examinations in three years, and 20,000 of those patients have received their sight back due to early diagnosis. He has done ICT work in Romania, Rwanda, India and Venezuela. He advises several non-profit development organizations and is also the co-founder of QVSense Inc, a company focused on building photovoltaic power management hardware solutions.

Acknowledgments: STEP is very grateful to Dr. Shahab Baqai at LUMS for his continued support and help in organizing the lecture series. Special thanks to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) for facilitating the video broadcast of this talk.

Correction: An earlier version of this post mistakenly posted the time for the talk as 7:30PM Pakistan Standard Time. The correct time for the talk in Pakistan is 8:30PM.

Image credits: http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/06/06_telemedicine.shtml